369: What Should a Nurse Do When a Trafficker Is in the Room

Dr. Sigrid Burruss and Dr. Adrienne Schlatter join Dr. Sandie Morgan to explore what human trafficking actually looks like in healthcare settings, why safety matters more than rushing to the rescue, and how hospitals can build responses that help patients feel seen, supported, and safer — with a close look at California’s new SB 963, requiring emergency departments to screen every patient for trafficking.

Dr. Sigrid Burruss & Dr. Adrienne Schlatter

Dr. Sigrid Burruss is a board-certified surgeon at UCI Health specializing in trauma surgery and surgical critical care. She earned her medical degree from the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, completed her general surgery residency at UCLA Medical Center, and a fellowship in surgical critical care at UC San Diego Medical Center. Her professional interests include trauma prevention, reducing trauma recidivism, and understanding the relationship between mental health and physical trauma. She is engaged in connecting patients and families with community support systems to promote long-term recovery, and serves on the Orange County Human Trafficking Task Force Healthcare Subcommittee and CSEC steering committee as a leader in clinical response to child sexual exploitation and human trafficking.

Dr. Adrienne Schlatter is a board-certified pediatrician at UCI Health, with dual board certification in Pediatrics and Child Abuse Pediatrics. She earned her medical degree from Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, completed her residency in pediatrics at Los Angeles County USC Medical Center, and a fellowship in child abuse pediatrics at the University of Washington School of Medicine. Her clinical work focuses on the care of children who may be affected by abuse or neglect, including evaluation and coordination within multidisciplinary systems. Dr. Schlatter also serves on the Orange County Human Trafficking Task Force Healthcare Subcommittee and CSEC steering committee, bringing her expertise in child abuse pediatrics to the intersection of clinical care, consent law, and trauma-informed practice.

Key Points

SB 963, effective January 1, 2025, requires all California emergency departments to screen every patient for human trafficking and adopt formal policies for doing so — regardless of whether risk factors are present.
Trafficking survivors may come to the ED for reasons that appear unrelated to trafficking: physical assault with an inconsistent history, recurrent STIs, or chronic conditions like hypertension and diabetes that go unmanaged because the trafficker controls whether they can follow up with a primary care provider.
The triage nurse and check-in staff are often the first point of contact — not the physician — making it essential that everyone who encounters a patient, from reception to security to cleaning staff, knows what to look for and how to escalate.
When a potential trafficking survivor arrives with a companion claiming to be a family member, clinical policy and common procedures — like a separate exam, an X-ray, or a trip to the bathroom for a urine sample — can create a private moment to ask sensitive questions.
The sticker method gives patients a covert way to signal for help: bathroom posters invite patients to place a sticker on their urine cup if they feel unsafe, prompting staff to create a private conversation even when a trafficker is in the room.
Healthcare providers need to manage the impulse to rescue immediately; many survivors, especially teenagers, may not recognize that they are being trafficked, so the goal is to plant a seed of safety — not to expect immediate disclosure or departure.
Discharge paperwork can carry covert resources: embedding youth housing, counseling services, and hotline numbers in a generic “age-appropriate resources” sheet means a survivor leaves with something useful even if they are not ready to act on it today.
California consent law gives minors over 12 the right to consent to STI testing, mental health care, and substance use counseling without parental permission — and anyone can consent to forensic evidence collection after sexual assault — giving clinicians important tools for trauma-informed care without putting young patients at greater risk.

Resources

Transcript

[00:00:00] Adrienne Schlatter: Even if you don’t save them that day, you are planting the seed for, “Hey, there are people out there that care about you. There are people that can get you help if you need it and if you want it.”

[00:00:17] Delaney: What if someone experiencing trafficking is already in the emergency room and no one recognizes it? A new California law is trying to change that. In this episode, you will hear from two physicians on what trafficking actually looks like in healthcare, why safety matters more than rushing to the rescue, and how hospitals can build responses that help patients feel seen, supported, and safer.

[00:00:41] Hi, I’m Delaney. I’m a student here at Vanguard University and I help produce this show. Today, Sandie talks with Dr. Sigrid Burruss, a trauma surgeon at UCI Health, and Dr. Adrienne Schlatter about identifying and responding to trafficking in clinical settings. And now here’s their conversation.

[00:01:02] Sandie Morgan: Dr. Sigrid Burruss and Dr. Adrienne Schlatter. Welcome to the Ending Human Trafficking Podcast.

[00:01:10] Adrienne Schlatter: Thank you.

[00:01:11] Sigrid Burruss: Thank you.

[00:01:12] Sandie Morgan: I’m so grateful to have you here and part of our Orange County Healthcare Subcommittee with the task force and working with our CSEC steering committee. You’ve been leaders in the area of child sexual exploitation and human trafficking, and I’m especially grateful to have your expertise here today. I’d like to start with talking about the new law, SB 963. Is that right?

[00:01:52] Adrienne Schlatter: Yeah, so SB 963, which was effective January 1st, 2025 — this is a law that requires emergency departments across California to screen for human trafficking and adopt policies to help implement this type of screening for all individuals who come into the emergency room setting.

[00:02:13] Sandie Morgan: Okay, so there are a lot of ideas around this. And I remember from being a night nurse in pediatrics, admitting children who had been victims of child sexual abuse and likely also commercial sexual exploitation. But we didn’t have the language for it. And then when we did, we discovered people didn’t know how to recognize the signs and symptoms. So from your clinical perspectives, what type of situations might patients experiencing exploitation and human trafficking come into contact with healthcare professionals? Maybe in the emergency room or in other hospital settings?

[00:03:08] Sigrid Burruss: Yeah, there are a variety of reasons that survivors of human trafficking will be seen in the healthcare setting. Certainly in the emergency department, as a trauma surgeon, a lot of those individuals present after some kind of physical assault, or even individuals who are trying to escape their trafficker or another dangerous situation and then come in as an auto versus pedestrian. Those physical injuries, especially when there’s an inconsistent history, can be a sign of potential trafficking. But there are many other reasons that patients can present to the healthcare system — in the outpatient setting, such as urgent care for recurrent STIs, or just unmanaged comorbidities. Those things can also sometimes be seen in the emergency department because a lot of these patients aren’t being seen by regular primary care physicians for maintenance of healthcare.

[00:04:17] Sandie Morgan: So let’s talk about what you mean by comorbidities.

[00:04:22] Sigrid Burruss: Yeah, that can be a variety of things. When we talk about comorbidities, it can be the STIs that someone presents with that either are in later stages or are recurrent, and thus cause repeat presentation to the physician in the healthcare setting, whether it’s urgent care or the ED. But it could also be hypertension that’s not being managed or diabetes that’s not being managed. And despite the appropriate resources being provided and referrals to outpatient care, the inability for that individual to follow up with the primary care physician because the trafficker does not allow it.

[00:05:09] Sandie Morgan: So who is going to see this child first?

[00:05:14] Adrienne Schlatter: Probably when they first walk into the emergency room, it’ll be check-in and the triage nurse. Those individuals are especially crucial in recognizing and sometimes doing the screenings in the hospitals. They’ll be the first people who are points of contact for these individuals who are coming in. And especially since it takes some time to get a room and you might be waiting in the lobby, it’s often those triage nurses and check-in individuals who are the first line of contact for these survivors, and the first place where they could get resources and help.

[00:05:51] Sandie Morgan: So let’s talk about a hypothetical case. A 13-year-old comes in and her so-called uncle is with her. What’s the first step?

[00:06:05] Sigrid Burruss: So the first step would be to always address the medical needs first. Because the patient is there for a reason — whether that is for a wound check, for maybe a mental health illness, substance use disorder, or “I have abdominal pain and I’m worried about it because I haven’t been able to eat.” We need to address the reason they’re there first, and we need to do that in a very safe environment — to make someone feel like they can open up to us as providers, the nursing staff that’s there, that we can help them. And that means addressing why they’re here to begin with.

[00:06:44] And then if there is concern for trafficking — based on the current law that is now in place in California, everyone presenting to the ED should be screened, regardless of suspected risk factors or risk factors present. So for children, we have the Quick Youth Indicators for Trafficking, and for adults, the RAFT screening. But there are many other screening tools out there. Let’s list those. The two screening tools that we are implementing is the RAFT tool for adults. It’s a simple questionnaire of four questions that normalizes certain behaviors — that it’s not uncommon that you may be placed in a risky situation, or that it might be hard to leave. Asking questions in a non-threatening manner. And for youth, the Quick Youth Indicators for Trafficking — also a short, four-question tool that provides a similar outline of “sometimes this happens and you may be in a similar scenario.”

[00:08:04] Sandie Morgan: We lost her. So let’s go ahead. Dr. Schlatter, can you tell us the four questions for youth?

[00:08:12] Adrienne Schlatter: Yeah, I would have to bring up the tool to give you the exact questions, but what the tool does is it starts out with a phrase that kind of normalizes the behavior that the youth might be facing. So it might say, “Many youth struggle finding housing. Have you ever had to exchange housing for sexual services?” And what it does is it gives a provider — especially if they’re not comfortable or have not had that much experience working with human trafficking survivors — a framework and a tool so that they can feel a little bit more comfortable asking these questions.

[00:08:52] And there are many screening tools. There are tools that are even longer, like the CSE-IT, which is created to not just ask questions but provide a framework of what to look for, for providers and for anyone else who might be contacting that youth inside the hospital. And there are different toolkits based on the patient’s age. So if they’re a minor under the age of 18, there are specific validated tools like the Quick Youth Indicators for Trafficking as well as the CSE-IT, which have been validated in that age group. And then there are others that are validated for an adult setting. So it’s really important that a hospital adopt not just one tool, but one depending on the age of the patient coming in.

[00:09:43] Sandie Morgan: So to implement this law and have screening as an active part of the admissions process, it has to be written into the protocol, correct?

[00:10:00] Adrienne Schlatter: Yeah, and there are many ways to implement this type of screening. The questionnaire — like the Quick Youth Indicators for Trafficking, the CSE-IT, or the RAFT — those are verbal screenings that you can do with a patient. But there are other screening tools, such as having posters in the bathroom. One of my favorites is having a poster in the bathroom with little stickers so that patients can put a sticker on their urine cup if they’re scared, or if they want to talk to someone, or if they feel they’re in trouble or experiencing violence. Then they can put a sticker on the cup and leave it in the bathroom. So even if they’re coming with a trafficker who might be with them in the room, they’re going to be able to go to the bathroom hopefully by themselves and put one of those stickers. That’ll prompt the nurse or attendant who’s picking up the urine cup to maybe bring that patient into a separate room or ask them a few more questions about the violence they’re experiencing.

[00:11:07] Sandie Morgan: I love the stickers — those are great. So assuming our imaginary victim put a sticker on the urinalysis cup, what happens next?

[00:11:20] Adrienne Schlatter: Yeah, so if they put a sticker on the urine analysis cup, it depends. If they go back to the room and the nurse doesn’t see the sticker yet, sometimes they hand the cup straight to the nurse or the medical assistant who’s helping them. At that point they could see the sticker and maybe pull the patient into another room so that they can have a chat without the trafficker present. Or if they pick up the sticker later and the patient is back in the room, find another situation where they could talk to that teen or adult separately. That could be creative, and sometimes hospitals do have to be a little bit creative in how they separate traffickers from the survivors.

[00:12:01] Sandie Morgan: Can you give me an example?

[00:12:03] Adrienne Schlatter: Yeah, of course. For a lot of teenagers that come in, the people who might come with them might identify as their parent or guardian or an uncle or someone who is bringing them or representing them. For minors, especially over the age of 12 in California, there are a lot of things they can consent to themselves without that adult present. The AAP, which is the American Academy of Pediatrics, actually recommends that physicians and nurses talk to the individual — a child at the age of 11 and above — separately. And so that gives them an opportunity to ask questions that they might not be comfortable talking about in front of either their caregiver or their trafficker. And so I usually recommend to hospitals to state, “It’s policy for me to talk with this teenager separately. Would you be able to step out of the room?” Sometimes they still refuse, and so then you have to be a little bit creative. That can be, “Hey, I need to take them to the bathroom to get a urine sample,” or “I’m going to take them to X-ray for their arm,” or “There’s an ultrasound for abdominal pain and I’m sorry, we can only have the patient in the room because of radiation.” And then that gives you an opportunity to pull them away from the person they’re with and ask questions that might be more personal or sensitive.

[00:13:34] Sandie Morgan: Okay, so we’ve seen the sticker on the lab cup, and now we have her in a separate room. It’s private, so it feels safe. What’s next?

[00:13:49] Adrienne Schlatter: So it really depends on the policy the hospital puts together. There could be a specific person dedicated to this role or a specific group of people — let’s say social work, nursing, or the physicians — who are then going to either go through a screening tool with the patient or ask those sensitive questions like, “Do you feel safe? Do you have a safe place to go? Do you need help? What can I help you with?” That can start the conversation and at least plant the seed of, “Hey, we’re here to help. Your privacy is important. And even if you’re not ready right now, we have people and you can always feel safe to come back and talk with us.”

[00:14:36] Sandie Morgan: So if I were tracking one word that you repeated over and over again, it was the word “safe.” What would you say, Dr. Burruss — or Dr. Schlatter — to nurses who are really wanting to rescue this child right away? How can we manage that expectation in an emergency room situation?

[00:15:11] Adrienne Schlatter: So I think it’s about managing expectations a little bit. I think everyone has this expectation that they’re going to be the person who saves this person and that the person will be ready to leave the situation they’re in. That’s not always true. So it’s important that first, you manage your expectations. Even if you don’t save them that day, you are planting the seed for, “Hey, there are people out there that care about you. There are people that can get you help if you need it and if you want it.” Most of the time, I work primarily with teenagers — they might not be ready. It might not even be in their mind that they want to leave the situation. They might not even be aware that they are being trafficked. So it’s first about planting the seed and providing them a safe place — a location where they know that people care about them.

[00:16:11] Sandie Morgan: So — just like when someone has surgery, you send them home with an anticipatory action plan (“if you’ve got a red streak, then you need to do this”) — how do you do that kind of guidance for a 13-year-old?

[00:16:42] Adrienne Schlatter: It’s hard. Sometimes it’s just about planting the seed or educating them, because a lot of times teenagers aren’t even aware that they’re being trafficked. So planting the seed that this is not okay, or naming what’s happening to them. Also providing them that kind of space where they feel comfortable to share what might be going on in their life, and then providing resources. It might not just be the human trafficking hotline — it might be other resources. There’s youth housing out there. If you need a safe place to stay that’s not with your trafficker or whoever brought you in, there’s somewhere else. Showing them that there are also resources for other things like education, getting back into school, getting into a counseling program, or actually meeting their needs — even helping them find a primary care provider or other places they can go for medical care.

[00:17:49] And they can leave with those things. We can sometimes integrate it into their discharge plan, into their paperwork, in a way that if the trafficker gets ahold of it, they’re not going to immediately know they may be talking about these sensitive topics. We could put it in there as resources like, “Hey, these are generic resources that we give to patients at this age. Here are some youth housing options, here are some counseling services, some services for food banks.” At least they have something they’re going home with. Maybe they’re not ready right away to call the numbers, but maybe one day they’re ready and they have that paper with them.

[00:18:29] Sandie Morgan: Thank you so much, Dr. Schlatter. Dr. Burruss, why do you think SB 963 focuses on healthcare?

[00:18:40] Sigrid Burruss: Yeah, I think as healthcare providers, we’re generally trusted and the environment we provide is safe, where people are able to share a lot about their own personal lives — not just as it relates to why they’re coming to the hospital, but potentially other really sensitive topics, like if they’re being trafficked. And so if we’re able to continue providing that safe environment where we demonstrate that we can provide help, that allows a potential opportunity for people to really open up about these issues — like trafficking — that are really challenging to address.

[00:19:27] Sandie Morgan: So as we look into how to roll this out in a broader adoption process by other hospitals, what should we be doing in system-level changes to improve how healthcare providers support these really challenging cases? The kids often do not see themselves as victims at all.

[00:19:59] Sigrid Burruss: Yeah, I think the same often goes for adults as well, who may not either see themselves as victims or don’t know how to get out of that situation — because a lot of their basic needs are being somewhat addressed by the trafficker, things like shelter and food. And so when it seems like there may not be other options available, it can be hard to leave that situation. I think the first thing hospitals need to do is really get the engagement of their hospital leadership and administration — not just because it is the law that we in the ED screen all patients, but because it’s the right thing to do, and to really see it as an opportunity to provide better care for patients and provide all those wraparound services that trafficking survivors do need. So that this doesn’t turn into a checkbox. In addition to providing education that human trafficking is unfortunately all around us and presents in many different ways, hospitals need to provide training to all of their physicians, nurses, social workers — really anyone who’s going to encounter patients — to be able to identify those trafficking survivors as well as provide the necessary support. It’s not enough just to identify them. We have to know where to refer them to be able to provide the resources they need.

[00:21:40] Sandie Morgan: So when we’re looking at training an ED — an emergency department — we’re not just talking about the nurses or the doctors. You mentioned social workers, and Dr. Schlatter, earlier you mentioned the person at reception. Who else is in the emergency department that should be included in hospital trainings?

[00:22:10] Adrienne Schlatter: Security is another big group of people. Security individuals, with everything going on, are often standing at the front, letting people in, checking badges, making sure they’re heading to the right place. Those individuals should be trained and should be able to learn how to respond if they identify a survivor as well.

[00:22:33] Sandie Morgan: I’ve always found orderlies — and whatever we’re calling them these days, attendants — they sometimes have a little more downtime to start those conversations. They’re often maybe students or medical residents just there to observe. How do we make sure the whole team knows how to proceed, because those conversations sometimes are lost when they’re not in the nurse’s notes.

[00:23:12] Sigrid Burruss: I think system-wide education is really necessary. Not just in the quarterly staff meetings for nursing staff or the grand rounds for faculty and residents, but making sure that education is across the board for anyone who’s going to have a patient encounter. And I think that goes even for your cleaning personnel. Sometimes if we as physicians and nurses walk into a room, someone may be a little bit more on guard, especially if the trafficker is in the room with them. But if someone comes in to change out the trash, they may overhear a conversation. And if they’re aware of trafficking and what those risk factors are and what those potential signals might be — where it needs to be escalated — they may hear certain things, because people aren’t necessarily always on guard and have more open conversations when they think someone in the room isn’t involved in their patient care.

[00:24:16] Sandie Morgan: Oh my goodness — the cleaning guy. That’s great. So now the list has gotten significantly longer than just me, the nurse, and you, the doctor. We’re including the whole community, so we have a much more collaborative approach to identification. The next question I want to ask is: where can people find resources? What are the recommendations specifically here in California, and even beyond for the whole healthcare community? From the person changing out the trash to the person doing the discharge — how can we get training?

[00:25:08] Sigrid Burruss: Yeah, so through the Orange County Human Trafficking Task Force Healthcare Subcommittee, we have created a presentation that will be available for everyone to view. If this isn’t something that your hospital has available quite yet, it’ll be available on the website. Beyond that, those of us on the healthcare subcommittee also go out and do presentations at hospitals in person. There are many of us to provide that education, with a lot of expertise that we can share and tailor to the needs of the people engaging in that event.

[00:25:58] Adrienne Schlatter: And just because there are human trafficking task forces across California — our Orange County Human Trafficking Task Force Healthcare Subcommittee has a great website with lots of resources, including hospital policy examples and examples of screening tools. Resources in our local area. But there are task forces around California, including Los Angeles and San Francisco. No matter where your hospital is located, connecting with the task force in your local area can help you find people to do the training — because there are lots of people who have experience and already have lectures set up to train hospitals — but also to find local resources for advocates, clinics, housing. Those are great resources, in addition to our website.

[00:26:55] Sandie Morgan: Those are great and we’ll put links to all of that in the show notes. What are some caveats, though, that you might have?

[00:27:03] Sigrid Burruss: Yeah, I think there’s always a shortage of time. The challenge with doing the screening and then being able to provide the resources is that it is added time. The caveat with all of the education and rollout is that it really needs to be tailored to your hospital and how that is structured with staffing availability. Deciding whether it’s going to be the ED triage nurse or the bedside nurse or the physician, or if it’s automatic social work consults to perform the human trafficking screening — all those things need to be really delved into, and all the stakeholders need to participate in that conversation to optimize the rollout of the screening and support.

[00:28:01] Sandie Morgan: Thank you. And Dr. Schlatter, when we were talking earlier about a 13-year-old and having safety, what are the guidelines that might help us make our choices when we’re thinking about consent?

[00:28:21] Adrienne Schlatter: So there are, and I would preface this by saying that it’s important for whoever’s talking to the teenager to always start the conversation reminding the teenager about what they can consent for, what things are private, and what things we do need to notify or report. And I think that gives the teenager a little bit more information about — these things I might share, these things I might not share with that provider — knowing what things we can keep between the patient and the physician or nurse, and what things we do need to report to, say, law enforcement or CPS.

[00:28:46] In a case with a teenager in California, there are many consent laws. So anyone at any age can consent to anything pregnancy-related — that includes pregnancy testing, abortion, pregnancy counseling, and birth control. Anyone over the age of 12 in California can consent to STI testing without a parent or guardian’s consent. They can consent to anything related to their mental health or to alcohol or drug use counseling or care. And for anyone who has experienced sexual assault, it doesn’t matter what age — you can consent to a sexual assault kit being collected, so forensic evidence. The only caveat is that if you are a minor, we do need to report any sexual assault to authorities, and that includes law enforcement.

[00:30:00] And so, again, counseling a minor early on — I usually start with, “Hey, I’m a physician. Everything you say here is confidential between you and me. There are a couple things I do need to report, and those are if you want to hurt yourself — so if you’re suicidal — if you want to hurt someone else, or if someone’s hurting you. I need to report those things.” And it’s the same if they are reporting child abuse — physical abuse by an adult, especially one they live with or is in their home — that also needs to be reported to CPS. That at least gives them an idea of where the conversation may go. A lot of times, even despite starting the conversation with those caveats, they often forget, or maybe they still want help, and so they’re often very truthful and open in talking about what’s happening to them. And then if they do tell me something that I need to report, I usually would say, “Thank you so much for sharing that. I do need to make a report because you are telling me that someone’s doing this to you and you are in trouble. I do need to make a report to law enforcement for that.”

[00:31:16] Sandie Morgan: Okay. And what if my patient is 18 and — oh, she’s been so abused. She seems more like a 14-year-old. The interesting thing with adults is very hard because there is a law that you’re supposed to report violence in California, but I think it’s not as strict. Because in situations with domestic violence, it’s tricky deciding with an adult whether you’re going to report.

[00:31:47] Adrienne Schlatter: Obviously, if there are kids in the home, you do it — it is a mandatory report because it’s considered child abuse. But here I’ll let Dr. Burruss.

[00:31:56] Sigrid Burruss: So for the adult patients, it is a little more challenging because the adult is able to provide their own consent. And so outside of a gunshot or harm to themselves or risk of harming someone else, it is not something that we can report. So if they are being trafficked, I can’t report that. I can certainly document it and provide them with resources should they want that support. But it’s not something that I’m a mandated reporter for in the setting of adults.

[00:32:43] Sandie Morgan: For clarifying that — this has been a very complicated and rich conversation. There is so much for us to learn as SB 963 is rolled out across the state, and I’d love to come back and revisit the conversation in six months when we have a better idea of what implementation is looking like. But I want to thank you both, and I will put links to the resources you mentioned. I’d like to give you each one closing statement. Who wants to go first?

[00:33:26] Adrienne Schlatter: Yeah, I can go first. I went into healthcare because I want to help people, and I think that’s true for everyone in healthcare — whether they’re nurses, physicians, residents, or even the cleaning person. They’re there because they want to help people, to work in a hospital setting and help those who are in need or who are sick. And so we have to go back to that thought process of when we first started this career — why did we go into it? One of the reasons is to help people. Having the resources to help those who are being trafficked is such a crucial step in the process. And it’s important that we all remember why we’re here and push your hospitals — push the higher-up leadership — to adopt these processes and policies to help victims of human trafficking and provide that support and those resources. Also educate yourself. I think that’s one of the motivations that keeps me in this field and hopefully will motivate others and hospitals to adopt these policies and screening tools.

[00:34:46] Sandie Morgan: Thank you for that. And now we will ask Dr. Burruss.

[00:34:53] Sigrid Burruss: So what I would end with is that these conversations are really difficult and take a lot of time. But as Dr. Schlatter said, we went into healthcare to help people. And really, if our goal is to help each other have safer, happier lives, we have to spend that time to really identify and truly support all patients, including human trafficking survivors. Because that’s the only way we’ll do real good — is to spend that time to connect with patients and to support them.

[00:35:31] Sandie Morgan: This has been a great conversation. I appreciate you both, and we look forward to returning in a short amount of time to revisit the progress of SB 963. Thank you guys.

[00:35:48] Adrienne Schlatter: Thank you.

[00:35:50] Delaney: Thank you to Dr. Sigrid Burruss and Dr. Adrienne Schlatter for sharing such practical insight. This episode makes it clear that identifying trafficking in healthcare is not just the job of one doctor or nurse. It takes a whole system — from triage to social work to staff members others might overlook — all knowing what to watch for and how to respond.

[00:36:14] Listeners, if you love this conversation, make sure to check out our website at endinghumantrafficking.org for tons of in-depth show notes and other resources. If you like to help us grow this podcast, you can start by sharing this episode with someone and connecting with us on Facebook, Instagram, or LinkedIn.

[00:36:30] And as always, thanks for listening.